- Carbohydrate is aldehyde and ketone derivative of __________ and is a hydrate of carbon.
- Monosaccharide are colorless crystalline solids that are soluble in _______ and insoluble in ________.
- _______ have the highest organo-elective property. It is the property responsible for the sweetness of monosaccharide.
- _________ is the only monosaccharide without at least asymmetric carbon.
- Two mirror images of chiral molecule are called ___________.
- Glyceraldehyde contains only one chiral centre thus have _______ optical isomers.
- A molecule with n-chiral centre can have ______ stereoisomers.
- ___________ is a carbon atom that is attached to four different types of atoms.
- The presence of an asymmetric carbon atom is often the features that cause __________.
- OH of the fifth carbon of D-glucose are at the _______ direction.
- For the ketoses, the ______ and _______ sugars are designated by inserting “ul” into the name.
- D-glucose and D-mannose are epimers due to the difference in carbon _____. D-glucose and D-galactose are epimers due to difference in carbon ________.
- ______ and _______ are compounds that can be gotten from aldehyde and ketone respectively when they react with alcohol.
- Two compounds not mirror images of each other are called _______.
- ______ is a collective term for carbohydrate that has a chemical structure that includes a six-membered ring consisting of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.
- _____ is an aldehyde and _____ is a ketone.
- The hemiacetal and hemiketal atoms are known as ______ carbon.
- _______ is a heterocyclic organic compound consisting of a five-membered aromatic ring with four carbon atoms and one oxygen.
- When the two anomeric carbon of a disaccharide reacts together, they form a ________ sugar.
- _______ and _____ are monosaccharides which contains a single and different type of monomeric unit units respectively.
- Termites digest cellulose because they have the protozoan called _____ that secretes _______.
- Starch is a mixture of two polymers; _____ and ______.
- _______ is a 2→1 β-linked polymer of fructose.
- _____ is a tetrasaccharide consisting of two α-D-galactose units, one α-D-glucose unit and one β-D-fructose unit, sequentially linked as gal (α1→6) gal (α1→6) glu (α1→2 β) fru.
- ______, ______ and _____ are non-digestible short chain carbohydrate or oligosaccharides.
- Raffinose can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by ______ enzyme.
- Glycogen shows a branch at each _____ units of glucose.
- Anomeric carbon in glucose is _____ carbon and in fructose ______ carbon.
- _____ are the most abundant biomolecule on earth and also serve as the major source of the food supply.
- Polyhydric alcoholic compounds contain more than one OH group situated on different carbons.
- The calorific value of carbohydrates has been put at _______ to form ______.
- Monosaccharide are soluble in _____ but not soluble in ______.
- Disaccharide form when _______ undergo a dehydration reaction (condensation reaction); they are held together by ________ bond.
- ________ is the most common disaccharide which is composed of the monomeric unit of _______.
- Monosaccharide are classified based on ______ and __________.
- During the condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis of the disaccharide, the ______ combines with the ______ releasing a molecule of _____ and forming a ______.
- The covalent bond formed between a carbohydrate molecule and another molecule is known as a ________ and can be of the _____ or the ____ type.
- _____ is the storage form of ______ in humans and other vertebrates.
- ______ is the most abundant natural polymer.
- Cellulose is made up of _____ monomers that are linked by ______ bonds.
- The carbon chains of monosaccharide are unbranched and linked by ___bonds.
- Glucose is known as ____ from the fact that it rotates plane-polarized light in a clockwise (dextrorotatory) direction.
- Fructose is referred to as ______ because it has a specific rotation that is strongly levorotatory.
- The D/L configuration of aldohexose is based on the orientation of the ____ at position 5.
- When two sugars differ around one carbon atom they are ______.
- Isomeric kinds of monosaccharide that differ only in their chemical arrangement in the hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon atoms are known as ____.
- The α and β anomers of D-glucose inter-converts in solvent solution by a technique known as _____.
- Trehalose is a _____ sugar formed from _____ units joined by a ____ bond.
- The systemic name of lactose is _______.
- Isomaltose is a disaccharide similar to maltose, but with a ____ linkage.
- Stachyose is ____ consisting of _____, _______ and ______ units sequentially linked as _________.
- ______ is a trisaccharide consisting of three glucose molecules linked with α1, 4-glycosidic bond.
- ______ is formed by thousands of alternating units of N-acetyl glucosamine and glucuronic acid and is an example of ________.
- Glucoronic acid are connected by ________ linkage.
- Amylopectin give ______ colour with iodine.
- Amylopectin shows aa branch at each _____ units of glucose.
- Cellulose is a linear ______ polysaccharide in which glucose units are linked by ______ bonds.
- Partial hydrolysis of cellulose with strong mineral acids yields _____.
- Chitin is made up of a modified β-D-glucose called ______ with _____ bonds.
- Glycogen is a branched ______ polysaccharide composed of ____ units linked by _____ bonds at the ____ chains and _____ bonds at branches
- ______ and _____ isomerism are the two types of stereoisomers.
- The number of possible isomers in a monosaccharide depends on the number of ______.
- The basis for the ring formation of monosaccharide is the fact that _____ can rewet with an alcohol to form a ____.
- ______ are a group of related heteropolysaccharide consisting of alternating units of _____ and ______.
- ________ are chemical reactions of carbohydrate.
- Carbohydrates undergo dehydration reaction with the elimination of ____ molecules when reacted with ______ in the presence of heat.
- On dehydration, carbohydrates give _____ or its derivative that condenses with _____ to form a coloured product.
- _________ test is a general test for all carbohydrates in which ____ and ______ react slower.
- The molisch reagent dehydrates _____ to form furfural and hexoses to form ______.
- In molisch tests, furfural reacts with α-naphthol present in the test reagent to produce a ______.
- Under _____ conditions, reducing sugars _______ to enediol.
- Reducing sugar in an alkaline medium reduce ______ present in Fehling’s solution to give ______.
- Sucrose does not react with Fehling’s reagent as it is a ______
- ______ is more stable than Fehling’s reagent in differentiating between reducing and non-reducing sugars.
- Benedict’s reagent contains blue copper sulphate which is reduced to ______ by _____.
- Barfoid test is used to differentiate between _____ and _____.
- In the osazone test, lactose gives ______ shaped crystals, mannose gives _____ shaped crystals and monosaccharide give ______ shaped crystals.
- The carbonyl group in sugar can be reduced by a variety of reagents such as ____ and ______ to ______.
- Sugar on oxidation gives _____. Glucose gives ______, _____ and _____.
- Seliwanoff’s test distinguish between ______ and _____. When heated ketoses are more rapidly dehydrated than _____.
- Seliwanoff’s test reagent dehydrates ketohexoses to form ______ that further reacts with resorcinol present in the test reagent to produce ____ product within ____ minutes.
- Iodine test is a qualitative test for the detection of _____.
- Iodine reacts with starch, dextrin, glycogen to give ______.
- Agar is made up of ______ and _____ derivative of ether-linked between ____ and ____.
- Mucopolysaccharides are made up of repeating units of sugar derivatives, namely _____ and ____. They are commonly known as _____-.
- Mucopolysaccharides are sometimes found in combination with protein to form _____ or ______.
- Hyaluronic acid is sulfate free _______.
- Blood group substance contain _____, ____, _____ and _____.
- _______ is an enzyme that breaks β 1-4 linkages of hyaluronic acid.
- Dermatin sulfate contains repeating units of _____ and _____.
- ______ is the only GAG present intracellular. In granules of most cells and also in lung, liver and skin.
- _____ is the only GAG with no uronic acid.
- Lipids comprise of very heterogeneous groups of compounds which are insoluble in ___ but soluble in _______.
- The nonpolar nature of lipids is due to the fact that a large portion of the molecule contains only _____.
- Based on the chemical nature, lipids are classified as _____, _____ and _____ lipids.
- Fatty acids are obtained from ______.
- ____ and ____ are known as essential fatty acids.
- _____ are biological molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents.
- Lipids are classified as _____, _______ and _______.
- Derived lipid are substances derived from simple lipids and compound lipids by ________.
- Compound lipids are esters of fatty acids and alcohol-containing other groups in addition to _________.
- Steroid structure is composed of ______ carbon atoms, bonded in _______.
- Steroids have four fused rings make up called ___________.
- ______ are steroids containing one or more hydroxyl groups.
- Cholesterol possesses _______ nucleus, has a OH group at ____ and an unsaturated double bond between ____ and ____.
- Cholesterol is used to synthesize bile salt that emulsifies and enhance absorption of _____.
- In the epidermis of the skin, UV rays of sunshine change 7-dehydrocholesterol to ________.
- ______ are the main constituent of cell membranes, they are composed of ____ chains attached to a _____ or _____ backbone.
- Phospholipids are _______ in nature.
- All ______ contain or are derivatives of phosphatic acid (PA).
- ______ are the most abundant of the cell membrane.
- Lecithin is the major storage form for choline inside the brain from which neurotransmitter _______ is synthesized.
- ______ plays a dual function of preventing alveolar collapse during the breathing cycle and protection of the lungs from injuries.
- Lecithin in addition to ______ and ______ are the constituents of surfactants.
- _____ leads to respiratory distress syndrome which is a common cause of neonatal morbidity.
- Defects in the biosynthesis of ______ cause respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
- Phosphatidylethanolamine is structurally identical with phosphatidylcholine with the exception that the base _____ replaces ______.
- Cardiolipin is a ______ glycerol formed by ______ acids attached together by glycerol.
- The combination of sphingosine and fatty acid is called ________.
- The three principal kinds of lipids found in most membranes are; ______. _____ and ______.
- Amphipathic compounds contain _______ and _______ components.
- ______ assemble into micelles and bilayers structures in which the ______ tails are oriented away from the aqueous environment.
- The most satisfactory model of membrane structure is _______.
- _________ is the only amino acids involved in protein synthesis in humans.
- ______ group of amino acid is the variable radical group that is different for every amino acid.
- Amino acid behaves like salt because they have both _____ and _____ group.
- The COOH group and group of amino acids exist as _____ and _____ respectively.
- _______ is the only amino acid with an alpha-amino group that is not a primary amine.
- _______ is the only amino acid with a sulfhydryl group.
- ______ is the simplest amino acid with the only hydrogen as its side chain.
- All amino acids except _______ have four different groups attached to the alpha carbon.
- All amino acids found in protein have the ____ configuration.
- _____ and _____ have a second asymmetric carbon in addition to their α-carbon.
- The α-1,6-bonds of amylopectin are hydrolyzed by a _______.
- The change in optical rotation is called _________.
- ______ is the enzyme that helps to clear lipidemia after a fatty meal.
- ______ is the only GAG with no uronic acid.
- ______ is the PH where the +ve and –ve amino acid equal to each other.
- Peptide bond formation is a ______ reaction.
- Amino acid unit in a peptide is called the residue.
- Lipids assemble into _____ and _____.
- Cholesterol has an OH group at _____ and an unsaturated double bond between ____ and _____.
- Phosphatidylinositol contains ____ on C1 and ______ on C2 of the glycerol backbone.
- The combination of sphingosine and fatty acid is called ______.
- Amino acids join together to form polymer chains called _____ or longer chains called either ______ or ______.
- _____ amino acid is involved in protein synthesis in humans.
- Amino acids behave like salts because they have both ______ and _____ group and exist as a ______ ion.
- The pH point at which the concentration of zwitterions is highest; concentration of cationic and anionic form is equal is called _____. The point is definite for _____ for every α-amino acid.
- Electrolytes when dissolved in water split up into two or more electrical charged particles called ______ and the process is called ______.
- ______ are solutions that resist changes in the pH of a solution when acid or alkali is added. It has both ____ and _____ component.
- When the salt component and the acid component are equal; _____ of the solution is equal to pKa.
- Two amino acid molecules can be covalently joined together through a substituted amine linkage called ______.
- When a peptide is formed, the amino acid becomes a _______.
- When two amino acids form a dipeptide through a peptide bond, it is a type of ______.
- An amino acid that has been incorporated into peptides are termed _____.
- All peptides except _____ have a _____ and _____ residue at the end of the peptide.
- The identical unit of an oligomer is called _____.
- Proteins that contain only amino acid residue and no other chemical groups are called ______. Those that contain permanently associated chemical compounds are called ______.
- The non-amino acid part of the conjugated protein is called _____.
- Nucleotides are monomeric precursors of ______.
- ______ specify the sequence of mRNA molecules which in turn specify the sequence of proteins.
- The main function of DNA is _______. The function of RNA is _________.
- A nucleotide is made up of _______, _______ and _______.
- Purine bases are heterocyclic compounds consisting of a ______ and _____ fused together.
- Adenine is named as _____ and guanine named as ______.
- Pentose sugars present in nucleic acids are _____ and ____. They are found in their ______ form.
- Nucleosides are formed when _____ are attached to the _____ sugar by a _____ bond between _____ carbon of the pentose sugar and N9 of a _____ or N1 of a _____.
- N-glycosyl bond of nucleosides is formed by removal of ______ from pentose and ______ from the base.
- The esterification of nucleotides occurs at the ___ or _____ hydroxyl group of the _____ sugar.
- Most of the nucleoside phosphate involved in biological function are ____ phosphate.
- Nucleotides and nucleic acids absorb light at a wavelength of ___ nm.
- _____ linkage may be formed between 3’ and 5’ positions of the ribose group to form ______.
- ______ facilitates the bond between phosphate and proteins.
- Cyclic AMP is an adenine nucleotide containing _____ group which is esterified to both the ____ positions of the sugar moiety.
- The enzyme ______ is used to derive NADPH. _____ is used to derive FADH.
- Enzymes involved in anabolic pathways that create large molecules use ____. Enzymes involved in the breakdown of molecules use ______.
- Coenzyme A consists of a ______ group linked to the vitamin _____.
- A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acyl group is referred to as _____.
- When coA is not attached to an acyl group, it is usually referred to as ____ or ____.
- The genetic information found in DNA is copied and transmitted to daughter cells through ______.
- The flow of information from DNA to RNA and to protein is termed _____.
- DNA is a polymer of _______ covalently linked by _____ bonds.
- DNA strands are held together by ______ bonds between the bases of adjacent strands.
- An enzyme called _______ transcribes DNA into _____.
- In DNA, the base sequence is always written from the ____ end to ____. It is called the _____ chain.
- DNA consist of two ____- chains twisted around one another in a ____ handed double helix. The chains are paired in a ______ manner.
- There are ____ hydrogen bonds between A and T. Hydrogen bond between C and G are _____.
- Circular DNA is _____ coiled.
- Sucrose reacts with Fehling’s reagent. True/False
- Which of the following test is used to differentiate between monosaccharide and disaccharide? (a) Molisch test (b) Benedict test (c) Fehling’s test (d) Barfoid test.
- Glucose on oxidation with sulphuric acid yield _____. (a) Glucanic acid (b) Gluconic acid (c) Glucuronic acid (d) NOTA.
- Which of the following test for carbohydrate distinguish between aldose and ketose____? (a) Benedict test (b) Sliwanoff’s test (c) Molisch test (d) Brafoid test.
- ____ is an enzyme that breaks beta 1-4 linkages of hyaluronic acid.
- Which of the following is the most abundant GAG in the body? (a) Hyaluronic acid (b) Heparin (c) Chondroitin-4-sulphate (d) Dermatan sulphate.
- Which of the following GAF is present intracellularly? (a) Heparin (b) Hyaluronic acid (c) Dermatan sulphate (d) Chondroitin-4-sulphate.
- Glycolipids do not have a phosphate group. True/False.
- _____ is the unsaturated form of stearic acid.
- Respiratory distress syndrome is due to a defect in the biosynthesis of _____.
- Protein that contains two identical polypeptide chain is called _____.
- _____are identical unit of polysaccharide present in the protein.
Medical Biochemistry Answers
- Polyhydric alcohol
- Water and Non-polar solvent
- Fructose
- Dihydroxyacetone
- Enantiomers
- Two
- stereoisomers
- Asymmetric carbon (chiral carbon)
- Chirality in molecule
- Right direction
- 4-C and 5-C
- Carbon-2 and Carbon-4
- Hemiacetals and Hemiketals
- Diastereomers
- Pyranoses
- Glucose
- Anomeric carbon
- Furan
- Non-reducing sugar
- Homopolysaccharide and Heteropolsaccharides
- Tryconympher and Cellulase
- Amylose and Amylopectin
- Inulin
- Stachyose
- Raffinose, Stachyose and Verbascose
- α-galactosidase (α-Gal)
- 8-10 units
- C-1 and C-2
- Carbohydrate
- More than one
- 1g of carbohydrate to form 4 calories of energy.
- Water but not soluble in organic solvents that are non-polar.
- Two monosaccharides. They are held together by a covalent bond.
- Sucrose (table sugar). Composed of monomers of glucose and fructose.
- The position of their carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the backbone.
- Hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide combines with the hydrogen of another monosaccharide releasing a molecule of water and forming a covalent bond.
- Glycosidic bond and can be of the alpha or the beta type.
- Glycogen is the storage form of glucose.
- Cellulose
- Glucose monomers and linked by β 1-4 bonds.
- Single covalent bonds.
- Dextrose
- Levulose
- Hydroxyl at position 5.
- Epimers
- Anomers
- Mutarotation
- Non-reducing sugar formed from two glucose units joined by a 1-1 alpha bond.
- Β-D-galactopyranosyl – (1-4) – D-glucose.
- Alpha – (1-6) linkage.
- Tretrasaccharide consisting of two alpha-D-galactose units, one alpha-D-glucose unit and one beta-D-fructose units sequentially linked as gal (alpha 1-6) gal (alpha 1-6) glu (alpha 1- 2 beta).
- Linked with alpha-1, 4-glycosidic bonds.
- Hyaluronic acid. Example of heteropolysaccharide.
- Beta-1, 3 linkages.
- Red violet colour with iodine.
- 24-30
- Homo polysaccharide. Glucose units are linked by the beta-1,4-glycosidic bond.
- Cellobiose
- N-acetylglucosamine with beta (1-4) glycosidic bond.
- Homo polysaccharide composed of D-glucose units linked by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the linear chains and alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds at branches.
- Optical and geometrical isomerism.
- Asymmetric carbon atoms.
- The aldehyde can react with an alcohol to form a hemiacetal.
- Alternating units of uronic acids and amino sugars.
- Dehydration, reduction of carbonyl groups, reduction, oxidation and iodine test.
- Three water molecules when reacted with concentrated Sulphur acid in the presence of heat.
- Gives furfural that condenses with alpha-naphthol.
- Molisch test is a general test for all carbohydrates in which disaccharide and polysaccharides react slower.
- Pentose to form furfural and hexoses to form 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.
- Purple colour.
- Tautomerize to enediol.
- Reduce copper ions present in Fehling’s solution to give an orange to red precipitation.
- Non-reducing sugar.
- Benedict test.
- Red copper (i) oxide by aldehydes.
- Monosaccharide and disaccharide.
- Lactose = powder-puff shaped crystals. Mannose = sunflower shaped crystals. Monosaccharide gives needle-shaped crystals.
- Hydrogen and platinum to alcohol.
- Sugar on oxidation gives acid. Glucose gives gluconic acid, glucaric acid and glucuronic acid.
- Aldose and Ketose sugars. Ketoses are more readily dehydrated than aldoses.
- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. It produces a red product within 2 minutes.
- Polysaccharide
- Coloured complex.
- D-galactose and L-galactose. Linked between C-3 and C-6.
- Amino sugar and uronic sugar. They are commonly known as glycosaminoglycans.
- Mucoprotein or proteoglycans.
- Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
- N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, fructose and salic acid.
- Hyaluronidase
- L-iduronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine-4-sulfate.
- Heparin
- Keratin sulfate.
- Water but soluble in non-organic solvents or solvents of low polarity.
- Carbon or hydrogen.
- Simple lipids, compound or complex lipids and derived lipids.
- Hydrolysis of fats.
- Linoleic and linolenic acid.
- Lipids
- Simple, compound, complex and derived lipid.
- Hydrolysis
- The alcohol and a fatty acid.
- Seventeen carbon atoms, bonded in four fused rings.
- Cyclopentanoperhydrophenathrene nucleus or sterane ring.
- Sterols
- Cyclopentanoperhydrophenathrene nucleus has an OH group at C3 an unsaturated double bond between C5 and C6.
- Fats in the intestine.
- Cholecalciferol
- Fatty acids chains attached to a glycerol or sphingosine backbone.
- Amphipathic
- Glycerophospholipids
- Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin).
- Acetylcholine
- Surfactant
- Lecithin in addition to phosphatidylglycerol, cholesterol and surfactant proteins A, B and C.
- Low level of surfactant.
- Dipalmitoyl lecithin.
- Ethanolamine replaces choline.
- 2 phosphatidic acids.
- Ceramide
- Cholesterol and phosphoglycerides
- Both hydrophilic (lipophilic) and hydrophobic (lipophobic).
- Hydrophobic.
- Fluid-mosaic model.
- Alpha-amino acids.
- The R group
- The acidic and basic group
- Anion and cation respectively. A special name is Zwitter ions.
- Proline
- Cysteine
- Glycine
- Glycine attached to the alpha carbon.
- L-configuration
- Isoleucine and threonine
- Alpha-1,6-glucosidase
- Mutarotation
- Lipoprotein lipase
- Keratin sulphate
- Isoelectric point
- Condensation
- Residue
- Micelles and bilayers.
- C3. C5 and C6.
- Stearic acid on C1 and arachidonic acid on C2.
- Ceramide
- Peptide or linger chains called either polypeptide or proteins.
- Alpha-amino
- Acidic group and basic group. Exist as a dipolar.
- Isoelectric point. The point is definite.
- The process is called ionization.
- Buffers. It has both acid and salt.
- The pH of the solution equals pKa.
- Peptide bond.
- Amino acid residue.
- Condensation reaction
- Residues
- Cyclic peptides have an amino group (N-terminal) and a carboxyl group (C-terminal)
- Protomer
- Simple proteins. Conjugate proteins.
- Prosthetic group
- Nucleic acids
- Genes
- DNA for information storage. RNA for protein synthesis.
- Nitrogenous base (purine or adenine), pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and a phosphate group.
- Pyrimidine ring and an imidazole ring
- 2-amino-6-oxypurine
- Ribose sugar and 2-deoxyribose sugar which are present in their beta-furanose form.
- When the nitrogenous base is attached to the pentose sugar by a beta-N-glycosidic (glycosyl) bond between first carbon of the pentose sugar and N9 of a purine or N1 of a pyrimidine.
- Hydroxyl groups from pentose and hydrogen atom from the base.
- The fifth or third hydroxyl group of the pentose sugar.
- 5’
- 260nm
- Phosphodiester linkage. Cyclic nucleotides
- Kinase
- One phosphate group is esterified to both the 3’ and 5’ positions.
- Niacin is use to derive NADH and riboflavin is used to derive FADH.
- Enzymes involved in the breakdown of molecules use the analogue NADH.
- Coenzyme A consists of a beta-mercaploethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantotheric acid through an amide linkage and 3’ phosphorylated ADP.
- Acyl-CoA
- coASH or HSCoA
- DNA replication
- The central dogma of molecular biology
- DNA is a polymer of 4-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates covalently linked by 3’ – 5’ – phosphodiester bonds.
- Hydrogen bonds
- RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into mRNA.
- 5’ and to the 3’ end. It is called the polarity of the DNA chain.
- Twisted around one another in a right-handed double helix. The chains are paired in an antiparallel manner.
- Two hydrogen bonds between A and T. Three hydrogen bonds between C and G.
- Supercoiled
- False
- Brafoid test
- NOTA
- Seliwanoff’s test
- Hyaluronidase
- Chondroitin-4-sulphate
- Heparin
- True
- Oleic acid
- Dipalmitoyl lecithin
- Oligomers
- protomers
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